About this publication
Critical infrastructure refers to the systems, assets, and services whose continuous operation is essential for national security, economic stability, and the functioning of everyday life, and whose disruption could generate widespread societal, economic, or security consequences. In the digital economy, this concept extends to include communication networks, data centers, energy systems, and other interconnected technological infrastructures.
Japan's Economic Security Act, enacted in 2022, introduced security review mechanisms for providers of critical infrastructure in certain cases, including the installation or outsourcing of important equipment. The framework was designed to mitigate risks of disruption, interference, or infiltration affecting sensitive systems that are fundamental to the country's security, economic activity, and societal functions.
The growing dependence of governments and economies on interconnected infrastructure has increasingly blurred the distinction between technical disruptions and security threats. Disruptions to electricity networks, communications systems, data infrastructure, or transportation systems can produce far-reaching social and national security consequences. Consequently, protecting critical infrastructure has become an integral component of national security strategy.